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The documented history of philosophy is often said to begin with the notable death of Socrates. Since that time, there have been many other noteworthy deaths of philosophers. *435 BCE According to legend, Empedocles leapt to his death into the crater of Etna. *420 BCE According to some reports, Protagoras died in a shipwreck. *399 BCE Socrates, condemned to death for corrupting the young, drank hemlock amongst his friends as described in Plato’s ''Phaedo''. *348 BCE Plato either died while being serenaded by a Thracian flute-playing girl, or at a wedding feast. *338 BCE According to legend, Isocrates starved himself to death. *323 BCE Accounts differ regarding the death of Diogenes of Sinope. He is alleged to have died from eating raw octopus, from being bitten by a dog, and from holding his breath. He left instructions for his corpse to be left outside the city walls as a feast for the animals and birds. *320 BCE Ancient sources tell us that Nicocreon the tyrant had Anaxarchus pounded to death in a mortar with iron pestles; Anaxarchus is said to have made light of the punishment. *314 BCE Xenocrates died when he hit his head after tripping over a bronze pot. *270 BCE Epicurus died of kidney stones. *262 BCE Zeno of Citium founder of the Stoic philosophical school tripped and broke his toe and then died from holding his breath. *207 BCE Chrysippus is said to have died from laughter after giving wine to his donkey and seeing it attempt to eat figs. *52 BCE Lucretius is alleged to have killed himself after being driven mad by taking a love potion. *65 CE Seneca was forced to commit suicide after falling out with Emperor Nero. *415 Hypatia was killed by a mob of Christians. *430 Saint Augustine died in Hippo while the city was under siege by the Vandals. *526 Boethius was strangled on the orders of the Ostrogoth king Theodoric by whom he was employed. *1141 Judah Halevi was killed on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. *1180 Abraham ibn Daud was martyred. *1277 Pope John XXI (usually identified with the logician Peter of Spain) was killed by the collapse of a roof. *1284 Siger of Brabant was stabbed to death by his clerk. *1415 Jan Hus was executed at the Council of Constance. *1535 Thomas More was executed by beheading in 1535 after he had fallen out of favour with King Henry VIII. *1572 Girolamo Maggi was executed by strangulation on the orders of a prison captain in Constantinople; Maggi had been incarcerated after being arrested during the Turkish siege of Famagusta. *1572 Peter Ramus was killed in the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. *1600 Giordano Bruno was burnt by the Inquisition. *1619 Lucilio Vanini was also burnt by the Inquisition. *1626 Francis Bacon died of pneumonia, contracted while stuffing snow into a chicken as an experiment in refrigeration. *1640 Uriel da Costa, after being beaten and trampled by a religious group he had offended, went home and shot himself. *1650 René Descartes was killed by a cold acquired through his rising early to instruct Queen Christina of Sweden. *1677 Baruch Spinoza died of a pulmonary ailment, thought to be either tuberculosis or silicosis, brought on by inhaling glass dust while working as a lens grinder. *1683 Algernon Sidney was executed for treason. *1716 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz died in Hanover on 14 November 1716 after a prolonged case of arthritis and gout. The only one to attend his funeral was his secretary, Johann Georg von Eckhart. *1794 The Marquis de Condorcet died in prison. *1814 Johann Gottlieb Fichte died of typhus in Berlin, during the campaign against Napoleon. *1831 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel died of a gastrointestinal disease during a cholera outbreak in Berlin. *1837 Giacomo Leopardi died in Naples during a cholera epidemic, maybe by pulmonary edema. *1866 William Whewell was thrown from his horse and sustained fatal injuries. *1876 Philipp Mainländer hanged himself in his residence in Offenbach, using a pile of copies of ''The Philosophy of Redemption'' as a platform. *1882 William Jevons was drowned while bathing. *1900 Friedrich Nietzsche died after a mental breakdown. *1901 Paul Rée fell to his death from a mountain. *1903 Otto Weininger committed suicide by shooting himself. *1906 Ludwig Boltzmann hanged himself. *1910 Carlo Michelstaedter killed himself with a pistol he had in his house. *1911 Paul Lafargue died with his wife, Laura Marx, in a suicide pact. *1915 Emil Lask was killed in action as soldier in World War I. *1917 Adolf Reinach fell outside Diksmuide in Flanders during World War I. *1928 Alexander Bogdanov died as a result of one of his experiments in blood transfusion. *1930 Frank P. Ramsey died after "contracting jaundice" at the age of 26. (Jaundice by itself is not a cause of death but instead indicates hemolytic or hepatic disease.) *1931 Jacques Herbrand died in a mountaineering accident in the Alps at the age of 23. *1936 Moritz Schlick was murdered by an insane student. *1937 Gustav Shpet was executed after being accused of involvement in an anti-Soviet organization. *1937 Antonio Gramsci died during his imprisonment by Benito Mussolini. *1939 Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz committed suicide by taking an overdose of Veronal and trying to slit his wrists a day after the Soviet invasion of Poland; it was planned to be a joint suicide with a close friend of his but she survived the attempt. *1940 Walter Benjamin committed suicide at the Spanish-French border, after attempting to flee from the Nazis. *1940 Leon Trotsky was assassinated on Stalin's orders in Mexico, by Soviet agent Ramón Mercader, along with most of his family. *1941 Henri Bergson died of pneumonia in occupied Paris, which he supposedly contracted after standing in a queue for several hours in order to register as a Jew. *1941 Kurt Grelling was killed by the Nazis. *1941 Edith Stein died in a gas chamber in the Auschwitz concentration camp. *1943 Simone Weil starved herself to death. *1944 Jean Cavaillès was shot by the Gestapo. *1944 Marc Bloch was shot by the Gestapo for his work in the French Resistance. *1944 Giovanni Gentile was murdered by communist partisans. *1945 Dietrich Bonhoeffer was executed by hanging. *1945 Gerhard Gentzen was detained in a prison camp by the Russian forces, where he died of malnutrition. *1945 Ernst Bergmann committed suicide after the Allied forces captured Leipzig. *1945 Johan Huizinga died in De Steeg in Gelderland, near Arnhem, where he was held in detention by the Nazis. *1945 Miki Kiyoshi died in prison; he had been imprisoned after helping a friend on the run from the authorities. *1948 Mohandas Gandhi was shot and killed by a Hindu zealot. *1954 Alan Turing ate a cyanide-poisoned apple, believed at the time to have committed suicide due to chemical depression, but possibly just an accident.〔http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18561092〕 *1960 Albert Camus died in an automobile accident. *1961 Maurice Merleau-Ponty died of a stroke while preparing a lecture on Descartes. *1969 Theodor Adorno developed heart palpitations after attempting to climb a 3000 metre mountain, and subsequently suffered a heart attack. *1971 Richard Montague was beaten to death, presumably by a male prostitute. *1973 Amílcar Cabral was assassinated while fighting for the independence of Portuguese colonies in Africa. *1977 Jan Patočka died of an apoplexy after having been interrogated by the Czechoslovak secret police for eleven hours. *1978 Kurt Gödel starved himself to death by refusing to eat for fear of being poisoned. *1979 Evald Ilyenkov committed suicide. *1979 Nicos Poulantzas committed suicide by jumping out of the twentieth floor of his apartment building. *1980 Roland Barthes was struck in the street by a laundry van after leaving a luncheon with French President François Mitterrand. *1983 Arthur Koestler committed joint suicide with his third wife, Cynthia, by taking an overdose of drugs after a painful struggle with disease. *1984 Michel Foucault was the first high-profile French personality to die of AIDS after contracting HIV. *1994 David Stove committed suicide by hanging himself after a painful struggle with disease. *1994 Sarah Kofman committed suicide on Nietzsche’s birthday. *1994 Guy Debord committed suicide by shooting himself after a painful struggle with polyneuritis. *1995 Gilles Deleuze committed suicide by jumping out of his fourth-story apartment window. *1998 Dimitris Liantinis committed suicide on the mountains of Taygetos. *2001 David Lewis died of diabetes related complications. *2004 Jacques Derrida died of pancreatic cancer. *2007 André Gorz committed joint suicide with his wife by lethal injection. ==Further reading== *''Deaths of philosophers'', Anthony Quinton, ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''; Oxford, 1995, 2005. *''Book of Dead Philosophers'', Simon Critchley; Vintage, 2009. *''(Death by philosophy )'', Ava Chitwood; University of Michigan Press, 2004. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Deaths of philosophers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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